Published Research Shows Benefits of Aquanex

Aquanex – used in many research studies

Aquanex Measures Bilateral Symmetry

• Bartolomeu, R. F., Rodrigues, P., Santos, C. C., Costa, M. J., & Barbosa, T. M. (2021). Is there any effect of symmetry on velocity of the four swimming strokes?. Symmetry, 14(1), 12.
• Becker, T., & Havriluk, R. (2006). Bilateral and anterior-posterior muscular imbalances in swimmers. In J. P. Vilas-Boas, F. Alves, A. Marques (Eds.), Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming X. Portuguese Journal of Sport Sciences, 6(Suppl. 2), 327-328.
• Pereira, G. S., Schut, G. R., Ruschel, C., Roesler, H., & Pereira, S. M. (2015). Propulsive force symmetry generated during butterfly swimming. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano, 17(6), 704-712.
• Werlang, R. G., Pereira, S. M., Ruschel, C., Pereira, G. S., Prado, A. P. M., Schütz, G. R., & Roesler, H. (2017). Hand force symmetry during breaststroke swimming. Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte, 31(1), 41-50.

Aquanex Measures Skill Learning

• Havriluk, R. (2006). Magnitude of the effect of an instructional intervention on swimming technique and performance. Portuguese Journal of Sport Sciences, 6(Suppl 2), 218-220.
• Havriluk, R. (2014). The effect of deliberate practice on the technique of national calibre swimmers. In Proceedings of the XIIth International Symposium on Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming. Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra.
• Jefferies, S. M., Jefferies, C. M., & Donohue, S. (2012). The effect of real-time feedback on swimming technique. J. Int. Soc. Swim Coach, 2, 41-49.
• Santos, C. C., Costa, M. J., & Marinho, D. A. (2023). The Effects of 6-Week Training Cessation on Anthropometrics, in-Water Force, Performance, and Kinematics of Young Competitive Swimmers: A Maturity Development Approach. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 18(6), 643-652.

Aquanex Measures Kick Propulsion

• McLean, S.P., Havriluk, R., & Brandt, S. (2008). Effect of adding a dolphin kick to a breaststroke pullout. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40(5) Supplement 1:S377.
• Ng, F., Yam, J. W., Lum, D., & Barbosa, T. M. (2020). Human thrust in aquatic environment: The effect of post-activation potentiation on flutter kick. Journal of advanced research, 21, 65-70.

Aquanex Measures Aquatic Exercise

• Prins, J. H., Hartung, G. H., Merritt, D. J., Blancq, R. J., & Goebert, D. A. (1994). Effect of aquatic exercise training in persons with poliomyelitis disability. Research in Sports Medicine: An International Journal, 5(1), 29-39.
• Prins, J., & Havriluk, R. (1991). Measurement of changes in muscular strength in aquatic rehabilitation. In XIIth International Congress on Biomechanics, Perth, Australia.
• Santos, C. M. S. D. C. (2020). Kinetic analysis of two water fitness exercises: horizontal adduction and rocking horse (Master’s thesis).
• Santos, C. C., Barbosa, T. M., Bartolomeu, R. F., Garrido, N. D., & Costa, M. J. (2020). Inter-Limb Symmetry at Simultaneous and Alternated Arms Flexion by the Elbow during Water Fitness Sessions. Symmetry, 12(11), 1776.
• Santos, C. C., Soares, S., & Costa, M. J. (2023). Understanding the Effect of Age on Force Production and Symmetry during Water Exercises: Differences between Young Adults and Older Women. Applied Sciences, 13(13), 7904.
• Santos, C. C., Rama, L. M., Bartolomeu, R. F., Barbosa, T. M., & Costa, M. J. (2019). Comparison of propulsive forces between two head-out water exercises. Journal of Human Sport & Exercise, 14(Proc4), S1364-S1367.

Aquanex Measures Arm Propulsion

• Barbosa, T. M., Yam, J. W., Lum, D., Balasekaran, G., & Marinho, D. A. (2020). Arm-pull thrust in human swimming and the effect of post-activation potentiation. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 8464.
• Bartolomeu, R. F., Rodrigues, P., Sokołowski, K., Strzała, M., Santos, C. C., Costa, M. J., & Barbosa, T. M. (2024). Nonlinear Analysis of the Hand and Foot Force-Time Profiles in the Four Competitive Swimming Strokes. Journal of Human Kinetics, 90, 71.
• Bartolomeu, R. F., Costa, M. J., Rodrigues, P., & Barbosa, T. M. (2019). Non-linear properties of front crawl swimming propulsive forces: a pilot study. Motricidade, 15, 32-33.
• Havriluk, R. (2004, October). Hand force and swimming velocity. In XVth Federation Internationale de Natation World Congress. Indianapolis.
• Havriluk, R. (2013). Seasonal variations in swimming force and training adaptation. Journal of Swimming Research, 21(1).
• Lopes, T., Marinho, D. A., Neiva, H. P., & Morais, J. E. (2019). Relationship between active drag and thrust at maximal swim velocity. Motricidade, 15, 6-7.
• Morais, J. E., Barbosa, T. M., Lopes, T., Gourgoulis, V., Nikodelis, T., & Marinho, D. A. (2023). Analysis of upper limb propulsion in young swimmers in front-crawl through Statistical Parametric Mapping. Journal of Biomechanics, 159, 111792.
• Morais, J. E., Barbosa, T. M., Nevill, A. M., Cobley, S., & Marinho, D. A. (2022). Understanding the role of propulsion in the prediction of front-crawl swimming velocity and in the relationship between stroke frequency and stroke length. Frontiers in Physiology, 13, 876838.
• Morais, J. E., Marinho, D. A., Oliveira, J. P., Sampaio, T., Lopes, T., & Barbosa, T. M. (2022). Using statistical parametric mapping to compare the propulsion of age-group swimmers in front crawl acquired with the aquanex system. Sensors, 22(21), 8549.
• Morais, J., Barbosa, T. M., Lopes, V. P., Marques, M. C., & Marinho, D. A. (2021). Propulsive force of upper limbs and its relationship to swim velocity in the butterfly stroke. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(12), 1105-1112.
• Morais, J. E., Costa, M. J., Barbosa, T. M., Neiva, H. P., & Marinho, D. A. (2019). Assessment of the upper-limbs propulsive force at front crawl. Motricidade, 15, 82-82.
• Morais, J. E., Marques, M. C., Rodríguez-Rosell, D., Barbosa, T. M., & Marinho, D. A. (2019). Relationship between thrust, anthropometrics, and dry-land strength in a national junior swimming team. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 1-8.
• Sampaio, T., Oliveira, J. P., Barbosa, T. M., Marinho, D. A., & Morais, J. E. (2023, May). Comparison of Propulsion Between Upper Limbs in the Butterfly Stroke Using Statistical Parametric Mapping. In Congress of the Portuguese Society of Biomechanics (pp. 463-470). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
• Santos, C. C., Marinho, D. A., & Costa, M. J. (2024). Changes in Young Swimmers’ In-Water Force, Performance, Kinematics, and Anthropometrics over a Full Competitive Season. Journal of Human Kinetics, 93.
• Santos, C. M. S. D. C. (2023). Longitudinal changes in force production of young competitive swimmers: assessment tools for training control and optimization.
• Santos, C. C., Costa, M. J., Paiva, D., Rodrigues, P., & Marinho, D. A. (2022). The effect of using a parachute on the propulsive force and stroke mechanics during pace-controlled swimming: a case study with an international level swimmer. Motricidade, 18(S1), 16-17.
• Syalegh, M., Bete, D. E. T., Prestifa, G. R., & Setiawan, F. E. (2025, December). PERBANDINGAN LATIHAN RESISTANCE BAND DAN HAND PADDLE TERHADAP DAYA DORONG RENANG GAYA BEBAS. In Prosiding Seminar Nasional Prodi Magister dan Doktoral Pendidikan Olahraga FIK UNNES (Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 529-540).

Aquanex Measures Technique

• Bartolomeu, R. F. B. (2022). Nonlinear analysis of performance-determinant factors in competitive swimming.
• Becker, T., & Havriluk, R. (2014). Freestyle arm entry effects on shoulder stress, force generation, and arm synchronization. In B. Mason (Ed.), Proceedings of the XIIth International Symposium on Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming. Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra.
• Becker, T.J., & Havriluk, R. (2010). Quantitative data supplements qualitative evaluation of butterfly swimming. In P-L. Kjendlie, R. K. Stallman, & J. Cabri (Eds.) Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XI. Norwegian School of Sport Science, Oslo.
• De Souza Castro, F., Figueiredo, P., Toubekis, A. G., Barbosa, T. M., & McCabe, C. (2023). Physiological and biomechanical determinants of swimming performance—volume 2. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 5, 1142336.
• Havriluk, R. (2018). The effect of the freestyle arm entry on exposure time to shoulder stress, the index of coordination, and swimming velocity. Proceedings of the XIIIth International Symposium on Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming. University of Tsukuba, Japan.
• Havriluk, R. (2010). Performance level differences in swimming: Relative contributions of strength and technique. In P-L. Kjendlie, R. K. Stallman, & J. Cabri (Eds.) Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XI. Norwegian School of Sport Science, Oslo.
• Havriluk, R. (2003). Performance level differences in swimming drag coefficient. In VIIth IOC Olympic World Congress on Sport Sciences. Athens.
• Havriluk, R. (1988). Validation of a criterion measure for swimming technique. Journal of Swimming Research, 4(4), 11-16.
• Kruiff, K. T. (2023). Concurrent haptic feedback for improving the body balance of front and back crawl swimming (Master’s thesis, University of Twente).
• Morais, J. E., Marinho, D. A., & Barbosa, T. M. (2024). Measurement of the active drag coefficient in front-crawl: A stroke-by-stroke analysis. Journal of Biomechanics, 111993.
• Morais, J. E., Barbosa, T. M., Gomeñuka, N. A., & Marinho, D. A. (2024). Effects of anthropometrics, thrust, and drag on stroke kinematics and 100 m performance of young swimmers using path‐analysis modeling. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 34(2), e14578.
• Morais, J. E., Barbosa, T. M., Bragada, J. A., Ramirez-Campillo, R., & Marinho, D. A. (2023). Interaction of Kinematic, Kinetic, and Energetic Predictors of Young Swimmers’ Speed. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 1(aop), 1-7.
• Morais, J. E., Barbosa, T. M., Neiva, H. P., Marques, M. C., & Marinho, D. A. (2022). Young Swimmers’ Classification Based on Performance and Biomechanical Determinants: Determining Similarities Through Cluster Analysis. Motor Control, 26(3), 396-411.
• Morais, J. E., Forte, P., Nevill, A. M., Barbosa, T. M., & Marinho, D. A. (2020). Upper-limb kinematics and kinetics imbalances in the determinants of front-crawl swimming at maximal speed in young international level swimmers. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 11683.
• Santos, Catarina C., et al. Performance Tiers within a Competitive Age Group of Young Swimmers Are Characterized by Different Kinetic and Kinematic Behaviors. Sensors 23.11 (2023): 5113.

Aquanex System

• Marinho, D. A., Barbosa, T. M., Auvinen, A., Lopes, T., Silva, A. J., & Morais, J. E. (2022). Smartpaddle as a New Tool for Monitoring Swimmers’ Kinematic and Kinetic Variables in Real Time. The Open Sports Sciences Journal, 15(1).
• Morais, J. E., Barbosa, T. M., Garrido, N. D., Cirilo-Sousa, M. S., Silva, A. J., & Marinho, D. A. (2023). Agreement between different methods to measure the active drag coefficient in front-crawl swimming. Journal of Human Kinetics, 86, 41.
• Santos, C. C., Marinho, D. A., & Costa, M. J. (2022). The mechanical and efficiency constraints when swimming front crawl with the Aquanex System. Journal of Human Kinetics, 84(1), 166-173.
• Santos, C. C., Marinho, D. A., & Costa, M. J. (2022). Reliability of using a pressure sensor system to measure in-water force in young competitive swimmers. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 10, 903753.

Aquanex Measures Turns

• Williams, E. C., & McLean, S. P. (2024). Investigating the Effect of Hand Position on Hand Force and Rotation Time When Performing a Freestyle Flip-Turn. In International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2, No. 16, p. 78).